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Level 8: Academic & legal — 264 Hebrew words
אָקָדֶמְיָה וּמִשְׁפָּט · years 9–11 in Israel · ≈ Ulpan Vav. The words a learner meets at this level of Ivrit Road, by topic, with vowel points, pronunciation and meaning.
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Thought & argument (47) · Bureaucracy & law (78) · School & study (28) · News & society (17) · Feelings & character (3) · Everyday verbs (41) · Small words (4) · Idioms & sayings (4) · Work & tech (2) · Describing things (18) · Shabbat & holidays (22)
Hebrew How to say it Meaning מֶחְקָר mechkar research הַשְׁעָרָה hasha'ara hypothesis מַסְקָנָה maskana conclusion סְתִירָה stira contradiction הֶבֵּט hebet aspect מַרְכִּיב markiv component בְּהֶקְשֵׁר beheksher in the context of תַּכְלִית tachlit purpose וְאִלּוּ ve'ilu whereas אִם כִּי im ki although יְתֵרָה מִזּוֹ yetera mizo moreover בְּהִתְחַשֵּׁב בְּ־ behitchashev be considering הֲלָכָה לְמַעֲשֶׂה halacha lema'ase in actual practice עֶקְרוֹנִי ekroni principled / in principle הַנָּחַת יְסוֹד hanachat yesod premise תֹּקֶף tokef validity לְנַמֵּק lenamek to give reasons הַפְרָכָה hafracha refutation לְהַפְרִיךְ lehafrich to refute הַנְמָקָה hanmaka reasoning / justification לְאַשֵּׁשׁ le'ashesh to corroborate מֻבְהָקוּת muvhakut statistical significance אֶמְפִּירִי empiri empirical אֲכִיפָה achifa enforcement פָּרָדִיגְמָה paradigma paradigm שְׁקִיפוּת shkifut transparency הַסְדָּרָה hasdara regulation (arrangement) מֻשָּׂג musag concept הַגְדָּרָה hagdara definition טִעוּן ti'un line of argument טַעֲנָה ta'ana claim פִּקּוּחַ pikuach supervision / oversight רְאָיָה re'aya evidence / proof נִתּוּחַ nitu'ach analysis מִשְׁתַּנֶּה mishtane variable מִדְגָּם midgam sample (statistics) מִתְאָם mit'am correlation סִבָּתִיּוּת sibatiyut causality תְּקֵפוּת tkefut validity מְהֵימָנוּת mehemanut reliability הַכְלָלָה hachlala generalisation הַשְׁוָאָה hashva'a comparison מִסְגֶּרֶת תֵּאוֹרֶטִית misgeret te'oretit theoretical framework מַאֲמָר ma'amar article / paper תַּקְצִיר taktsir abstract (of a paper) מְקוֹרוֹת mekorot sources הֶעָרַת שׁוּלַיִם he'arat shulayim footnote
Hebrew How to say it Meaning פְּסִיקָה psika case law / rulings קִנְיָן kinyan property / ownership חֲסִינוּת chasinut immunity כְּתַב אִשּׁוּם ktav ishum indictment מַעֲצָר ma'atsar arrest / detention פֶּשַׁע pesha crime (felony) חָשׁוּד chashud suspect קָטֵגוֹר kategor prosecutor כְּתַב אִישׁוּם ktav ishum indictment הַרְשָׁעָה harsha'a conviction מַאֲסָר ma'asar imprisonment עַל תְּנַאי al tnai suspended (sentence) / conditional עִסְקַת טִיעוּן iskat ti'un plea bargain סָנֵגוֹר sanegor defence lawyer פְּרַקְלִיט praklit attorney פְּרַקְלִיטוּת praklitut state prosecution תַּקָּנוֹן takanon bylaws / terms and conditions נִסְפָּח nispach appendix / attaché יִפּוּי כֹּחַ yipuy ko'ach power of attorney חֲוַת דַּעַת chavat da'at expert opinion צַוָּאָה tsava'a will (legal) עִזָּבוֹן izavon estate (of the deceased) בָּטֵל batel void / null אַפּוֹטְרוֹפּוֹס apotropos guardian מְחַיֵּב mechayev binding טַאבּוּ tabu land registry חֶזְקַת חַפּוּת chezkat chafut presumption of innocence סְעִיף se'if clause / section הִתְחַיְּבוּת hitchayvut commitment / undertaking פְּסַק דִּין psak din verdict / ruling רַשְׁלָנוּת rashlanut negligence בּוֹרְרוּת borerut arbitration עֵרָבוֹן eravon deposit / surety גִּשּׁוּר gishur mediation עִרְעוּר ir'ur appeal הַסְכָּמָה מִדַּעַת haskama mida'at informed consent הֲפָרַת חוֹזֶה hafarat choze breach of contract תַּקְדִּים takdim precedent סוֹדִיּוּת sodiyut confidentiality סַמְכוּת samchut authority / jurisdiction נִגּוּד עִנְיָנִים nigud inyanim conflict of interest תּוֹבֵעַ tove'a plaintiff / prosecutor נִתְבָּע nitba defendant תַּצְהִיר tatshir affidavit עֲתִירָה atira petition הֲלָנַת שָׂכָר halanat sachar withholding of wages בָּגָ״ץ bagats High Court of Justice שִׁמּוּעַ shimu'a hearing (before dismissal) הַתְרָאָה hatra'a warning (formal) הַטְרָדָה hatrada harassment זְכוּת הַשְּׁתִיקָה zchut hashtika the right to remain silent חֶזְקַת הַחַפּוּת chezkat hachaput presumption of innocence נֵטֶל הַהוֹכָחָה netel hahocha'cha burden of proof סָפֵק סָבִיר safek savir reasonable doubt עֵד מֻמְחֶה ed mumche expert witness חֲקִירָה נֶגְדִּית chakira negdit cross-examination הֶסְדֵּר טִעוּן hesder ti'un plea bargain עֲבוֹדוֹת שֵׁרוּת avodot sherut community service (sentence) מַאֲסָר עַל תְּנַאי ma'asar al tnai suspended sentence שִׁחְרוּר בְּעַרְבוּת shichrur be'arvut release on bail תְּנַאי מַתְלֶה tnai matle condition precedent חֹק chok law חֻקָּה chuka constitution חֹק יְסוֹד chok yesod Basic Law בֵּית מִשְׁפָּט beit mishpat court שׁוֹפֵט shofet judge עֵד ed witness עֵדוּת edut testimony הֶסְדֵּר hesder settlement / arrangement פִּצּוּי pitsui compensation תְּבִיעָה tvi'a lawsuit הֲפָרָה hafara breach / violation אַחְרָיוּת achrayut liability / responsibility סוֹד מִסְחָרִי sod mischari trade secret זְכוּיוֹת יוֹצְרִים zchuyot yotsrim copyright בֵּית הַמִּשְׁפָּט הָעֶלְיוֹן beit hamishpat ha'elyon Supreme Court הַרְשָׁאָה harsha'a authorisation תַּקָּנָה takana regulation
Hebrew How to say it Meaning תֵּזָה teza thesis קֹטֶר koter diameter שִׁפּוּט עֲמִיתִים shiput amitim peer review כְּתַב עֵת ktav et journal / periodical תֹּאַר שֵׁנִי to'ar sheni master's degree סֶמִינָר seminar seminar מִמְצָא mimtza finding מֵתוֹדוֹלוֹגְיָה metodologya methodology בִּיבְּלִיּוֹגְרַפְיָה bibliyografya bibliography סֶמִינַרְיוֹן seminaryon seminar paper נִמּוּק nimuk reason / justification הַבְחָנָה havchana distinction פָּרָדוֹקְס paradoks paradox מַנְגְּנוֹן mangenon mechanism הִסְתַּגְּלוּת histaglut adaptation רֶפֶרָט referat presentation (academic) רֵאָיוֹן עֹמֶק re'ayon omek in-depth interview קְבוּצַת בִּקֹּרֶת kvutsat bikoret control group מֶחְקָר אֹרֶךְ mechkar orech longitudinal study אֵיכוּתָנִי eichutani qualitative כַּמּוּתָנִי kamutani quantitative שִׁיטַת מֶחְקָר shitat mechkar research method הַשְׁעָרַת הָאֶפֶס hash'arat ha'efes the null hypothesis פִּזּוּר pizur variance / dispersion חֶצְיוֹן chetsyon median סְטִיַּת תֶּקֶן stiyat teken standard deviation גְּנֵבָה סִפְרוּתִית gneva sifrutit plagiarism מַדְגָּם מְיַצֵּג madgam meyatseg representative sample
Hebrew How to say it Meaning אֲמָנָה amana treaty / charter הַנְפָּקָה hanpaka issue / IPO גֵּאוּת ge'ut boom / high tide שֵׁפֶל shefel slump / low tide הַפְרָטָה hafrata privatisation תַּאֲגִיד ta'agid corporation חֶבְרַת בַּת chevrat bat subsidiary דִּירֶקְטוֹרְיוֹן direktoryon board of directors דֶּמוֹגְרַפְיָה demografya demography קִטּוּב kituv polarisation שִׂיחַ si'ach discourse / bush פְּלִיטוֹת plitot emissions קַיָּמוּת kayamut sustainability סִקּוּר sikur coverage (press) מְקוֹרוֹת זָרִים mekorot zarim foreign sources הַדְלָפָה hadlafa leak (of information) צֶנְזוּרָה tsenzura censorship
Feelings & character all levels Hebrew How to say it Meaning טִינָה tina grudge בּוּז buz contempt הֲגִינוּת haginut fairness / decency
Hebrew How to say it Meaning לְהִסְתַּיֵּעַ lehistaye'a to make use of / get help from לְשַׁיֵּךְ leshayech to associate / attribute לְהַמְחִישׁ lehamchish to illustrate לְהַשְׁלִיךְ lehashlich to throw away / have implications לְהִצְטַדֵּק lehitstadek to make excuses לְדַרְבֵּן ledarben to spur on לְהִתְמַסֵּר lehitmaser to devote oneself לְהִתְמַהְמֵהַּ lehitmahme'a to dawdle / delay לְהִשְׁתָּרֵשׁ lehishtaresh to take root לְתַפְעֵל letaf'el to operate (a system) לְסַוֵּג lesaveg to classify לְאַשְׁרֵר le'ashrer to ratify לְהַפְקִיעַ lehafki'a to expropriate לִגְנֹז lignoz to shelve / archive לְהַטְמִיעַ lehatmi'a to implement / embed לְגַבֵּשׁ legabesh to formulate / consolidate לְהִתְגַּבֵּשׁ lehitgabesh to take shape לְהַתְווֹת lehatvot to outline / chart לְהַצְפִּין lehatspin to encrypt לְהַפְנִים lehafnim to internalise לְהַסְמִיךְ lehasmich to authorise / ordain לְהַתְנוֹת lehatnot to make conditional לְהִתְחַזּוֹת lehitchazot to impersonate לְהִתְחַקּוֹת lehitchakot to trace לְהַקְנוֹת lehaknot to impart / grant לְהַנְהִיג lehanhig to introduce / lead לְהִשְׁתַּקֵּף lehishtakef to be reflected לְבַסֵּס levases to establish / base לְהוֹנוֹת lehonot to defraud / deceive לְהָזִים lehazim to refute (a claim) לְהַבְרִיחַ lehavri'ach to smuggle / scare off לְיַשֵּׁב leyashev to settle / resolve לְהִתְעַשֵּׁת lehit'ashet to pull oneself together לְהַרְשִׁיעַ leharshi'a to convict לְזַכּוֹת lezakot to acquit / credit לְהַשְׁעוֹת lehash'ot to suspend לְהִתְחַבֵּט lehitchabet to agonise / struggle (with) לְכַהֵן lechahen to serve (in office) לְהִתְפָּרֵץ lehitparets to erupt / burst in לְהִתְנַכֵּר lehitnaker to turn one's back on / estrange לְהַסְלִים lehaslim to escalate
Hebrew How to say it Meaning הוֹאִיל וְ־ ho'il ve- since / given that אַף שֶׁ־ af she- even though יֶתֶר עַל כֵּן yeter al ken moreover בְּאַקְרַאי be'akrai at random
Hebrew How to say it Meaning לֹא הָיָה וְלֹא נִבְרָא lo haya velo nivra it never happened לֹא עָלֵינוּ lo aleinu may it not happen to us הַזְּמַן עוֹשֶׂה אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ hazman ose et shelo time heals לָצֵאת לַפֹּעַל latset lapo'al to come to fruition
Hebrew How to say it Meaning פְּרוֹטוֹקוֹל protokol minutes (of a meeting) / protocol הַאֲצָלַת סַמְכֻיּוֹת ha'atsalat samchuyot delegation of authority
Hebrew How to say it Meaning מֻבְהָק muvhak clear-cut / distinct נִכָּר nikar considerable / noticeable שׁוּלִי shuli marginal חַד־מַשְׁמָעִי chad-mashma'i unequivocal דּוּ־מַשְׁמָעִי du-mashma'i ambiguous מַהוּתִי mahuti substantial / essential תֵּאוֹרֵטִי te'oreti theoretical מוּחָשִׁי muchashi tangible / concrete מְהֵימָן meheiman reliable תָּקֵף takef valid עִקְבִי ikvi consistent סוֹתֵר soter contradictory מְשֻׁבָּח meshubach excellent / fine רָעוּעַ ra'u'a shaky / rickety קָשִׁיחַ kashi'ach rigid / hard-nosed מַחְמִיר machmir strict (in halacha) מֵקֵל mekel lenient מְרֻבֶּה merube numerous / multiple
Hebrew How to say it Meaning פְּסַק הֲלָכָה psak halacha halachic ruling פּוֹסֵק posek halachic authority מְפָרְשִׁים meforshim commentators מַרְאִית עַיִן mar'it ayin appearances (avoiding suspicion) חִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם chilul hashem desecration of God's name יִרְאַת שָׁמַיִם yir'at shamayim fear of Heaven גְּדוֹל הַדּוֹר gdol hador leading sage of the generation אַבְרֵךְ avrech kollel scholar (young married) אַגָּדָה agada aggadah / legend גְּזֵרָה gzera decree מִכָּאן mikan from here / hence טֻמְאָה tum'a impurity טָהֳרָה tahara purity פִּדְיוֹן הַבֵּן pidyon haben redemption of the firstborn יָארְצַייט yortsait yahrzeit גַּבַּאי צְדָקָה gabai tsdaka charity collector שְׁמִטָּה shmita sabbatical year עָרְלָה orla orlah (fruit of young trees) הַפְרָשַׁת חַלָּה hafrashat chala separating challah דַּיָּן dayan rabbinical judge יִזְכֹּר yizkor Yizkor memorial prayer מַעֲרִיב ma'ariv evening prayer (Ma'ariv)
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